HIS102 – R. Whisonant, Instructor

 

  1. Road to War
    • June 28, 1914
    • Francis Ferdinand heir to the throne to the Hapsburg Dynasty
    • The spark
    • A.H. failure to solve its minority problem (South Slavs)
    • (Croats, Slovenes, Serbs)
    • Seven million
    • Serbia
    • Ottoman in 1878
    • Greater Serbia which included the seven million south Slavs
    • Russians
    • Pan-Slavism
    • Two armed alliance systems
    • Bismarck- to achieve securty
    • France (Alsace –Lorraine)
    • A.H. Italy, Russia
    • Problem-A.H. and Russia were becoming enemies
    • William II (1888)- young, brash, aggressive, glory of imperialism
    • New course-extreme nationalism, talked of conquest, huge navy
    • France, Russia
    • G.B. joined because they feared the German navy

Germany- survival of A.H. was now a necessity

    • Bosnia 1908 annexed by A.H.
    • Serbia
    • Russia – Dardanelles
    • Great hostility between A.H. and Serbia
    • War plans
    • Ferdinand June 1914
    • Sarajevo, Princp, Serbian – Bosnian terrorist group called the Black Hand
    • July 23 Serbia presented
    • War plans – Russia back Serbia
    • July 28, 1914 A.H. declared war
    • Russia, with assurances from France, mobilized against A.H. and Germany
    • August 1 Germany declares war on Russia
    • August 3 Germany declares war on France
    • German troops invaded Belgium, Great Britain
    • World War I
    • 1914 – 1918 An Absurd War
    • Between 1815-1914, European leaders managed to prevent protracted and general warfare
    • the question of guilt: in 1914
    • liberation from an unbearable situation
    • political developments had reached a dead end
    • Tsarist Russia
    • Austria-Hungary
    • Great Britain
    • France
    • Germany
    • Made war an opportunity for a new order
    • Attitude-never expected that the conflict would last so long or be so dreadful
    • new technology
    • Germany-War Plans
    • Von Schlieffen Plan- to the West, SPEED
    • Unraveled
    • Russia – East
    • Belgium – British
    • First battle of Marne-Germans were stopped but the war becomes a  stalemate
    • Alps – North Sea
    • WWI on the Western Front –Trench warfare
    • Verdun Feb.1916-Dec 1916
    • Ring of Forts
    • Never abandon
    • Bloodiest battle
    • Somme – British attempt- one day the British lose 60,000
    • French army rebels
    • Nivelle
    • Pe’tain

 

  1. Eastern Front
    • Russian invasion
    • Tannenburg-Aug 26-30, 1914
    • A.H. – no success against Serbia, Russia
    • Brusilov Offensive June1916
    • Russian problems-deserting, domestic unrest
    • March 1917 – opening stage of
    • Russian Revolution
    • Tsar overthrown
    • Liberal government- policy to continue the war
    • Lenin
    • November 1917 – Second stage
    • Bolsheviks
    • Treaty of Brest – Litovsk
    • 34% of land and population
    • allies desperate
    • United States
    • Unrestricted/ restricted/unrestricted  submarine
    • Emperors Battle – largest offensive(German)
    • Second Battle of Maine
    • Germans were exhausted, low on supplies
    • Meuse – Argonne Offensive Aug 1918
    • Revolution spreading from town to town
    • Kaiser overthrown
    • Republic declared
    • November 11, 1918 – Compie’gne, Fr.

 

  1. Peace Conference
    • January 1919 – Paris
    • G.B. – George
    • Italy – Orlando
    • Fr. – Clemenceau
    • Ho Chi Minh
    • U.S.-Woodrow  Wilson
    • Fourteen Points
    • Self – determination
    • League of Nations
    • “peace without victory”
    • Clemenceau

                                                              i.      Security

                                                            ii.      Revenge

            Five treaties made up the Peace of Paris

  1. Germany -  Versailles Treaty
    • Alsace – Lorraine
    • Rhineland – demilitarized-bitter dispute between Wilson/Clemenceau
    • Saar Basin – League
    • Poland – Polish Corridor
  2. Danzig
  3. Upper Silesia

           German colonies

            Military

            Article 231

  1. War Guilt Clause
    • Reparations
  2. Allied veterans pensions
  3. France
  4.  A.H. Empire
  5. Yugoslavia
  6. Czechoslovakia
  7. Czech
  8. Slovak
  9. Hungary
  10. Thomas Bailey
  11. German Reaction
  12. rise of fascism
  13. political movement
  14. totalitarianism
  15. Key Features of Fascism
  16. supremacy of the state
  17. submission of the individual
  18. to the state and leader
  19. emphasis on combat and conquest
  20. attack upon values of democracy, communism
    • Social Darwinism
    • Nationalistic
    • Anti – Marxist
    • Support
    • Middle class
    • Big capitalists
    • Communism
    • Democracy
    • Liberal values failed
    • Propaganda
  21. Italy
    • Postwar problems
    • Middle class
    • Inflation, taxes
    • Wealthy
    • Industrialists
    • Bolshevik Rev.
    • nationalist
    • Mussolini-brilliant opportunist
    • Avanti
    • Fascist party
    • Black shirts
    • Never a majority
    • March on Rome October 1922
    • King Emmanuel III
    • Consolidation of Power
    • Caution
    • Acerbo laws
    • 1924 election
    • dictatorship
    • small farmer
    • urban worker
    • Roman Question
    • Support Church
    • Lateran Accords 1929
    • Pope Pius XI (1922-1939)
    • Independent Vatican City
  22. Germany 1918 – 1933
    • Hated peace
    • Violated
    • Paul von Hindenburg
    • Weimer Republic
    • Dangers to the Republic
    • Spartacist Uprising (Communist Revolt)
    • Berlin
    • Free corps
    • Munich, Bavaria
    • Profound impact on the German psyche
    • Economic crisis
    • Reparation
    • Inflation
    • Stressemann
    • Dawes Plan
    • 1924 – 29 Germany economy
    • republic doomed
    • no tradition
    • nationals
    • Adolph Hitler
    • Vienna
    • Exposed to views of hatred
    • Racial Social Darwinism
    • Volkish thought
    • Anti – Semitism
    • Anti – Marxism
    • Outbreak of World War I
    • Decorated Corporal (Iron Cross)
    • 1919 Germany Workers Party
    • National Socialist German Workers Party
    • (NAZIS)
    • Goering
    • Hess
    • Goebbels
    • 1923 Beer Hall Putsch-Munich-Bavaria
  23. Mein Kampf
    • Blueprint for action
    • Lebensraum – East
    • Soviet Union/Jews
  24. Hitler Gains Power
    • Legal means
    • 1924 – 29
    • Great Depression
    • Propaganda
    • 1928 – 640,000
    • 1930 – 6,400,000
    • middle class
    • 1932 Presidential election
    • Hindenburg won
    • Reichstag elections
    • Violence
    • Frightened the powerful industrialists
    • January 1933
    • Chancellor
    • Communist
    • Reichstag fire
    • Enabling Act
    • Third Reich
    • Est. of Nazi state
    • Gestapo, S.S.
    • Himmler
    • Control of churches
    • Jews
    • Nuremberg laws
    • Crystal Night
  25. Road to War
    • Foreign policy
    • Versailles Treaty, destruction
    • Eastern Europe, conquest
    • Inferior races, enslavement
    • Propaganda aimed at the West
    • Weaken resolve, confuse, deceive
    • Win support of the 27 million Germans outside of Germany
    • Weakness of Allies
    • Britain-economic problems, losing it’s Empire, will go to any lengths to avoid war
    • France
    • Defensive strategy
    • Maginot Line
    • Eastern European Allies/ unwilling to act alone
    • Soviet Union- mutual mistrust
    • United Sates total Isolationism
    • Failure of League of Nations
    • Neutrality Acts-US Congress 1935-37
    • Japanese – Manchuria 1931
    • Italian – Ethiopia 1935
    • Spanish Civil War 1936-39
    • Policy of Appeasement
    • Give Hitler what he wanted to avoid war
    • 1935 – military service – massive rearmament
    • 1936 – Rhineland – gamble
    • warned by his Generals, France was strong enough but overestimated German strength
    • Rome – Berlin Axis
    • Spanish Civil War – Franco
    • 1937 – Tokyo – Berlin – Rome
    • 1938 – Austrian Anschluss- annexation
    • Czechoslovakia
    • Only democratic state
    • Allies – France and Soviet Union
    • Sudeten Germans
    • Self – determination
    • Chamberlain
    • Munich Conference
    • Hitler, Chamberlain
    • Mussolini, Daladier
    • Appeasement
    • Last chance
    • 1939 Poland
    • Danzig
    • Polish Corridor
    • Nazi – Soviet pact-removed the threat of a two front war
    • Division of Poland
    • Latvia, Lithuania
    • September 1, 1939
    • September 3, 1939
  26. World War II
    • The Blitzkrieg
    • Warsaw
    • Plane/tank
    • September 17 - Russia
    • Surrender
    • Phony War in West
    • April 1940
    • Denmark + Norway
    • Iron ore- Sweden
    • British - Norway
    • Chamberlain’s government has fallen
    • Churchill
    • Opponent of Appeasement
    • German Assault on France
    • Belgium-initially invaded Northern Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg
    • Safety of Maginot Line
    • South-the main attack
    • Miracle at Dunkirk 338,000 troops
    • Disaster for France
    • Italy-south
    • Surrender-June 22
    • Compiegne- a harsh treaty
    • Northern half and all the Atlantic coast
    • Vichy Government- 2 million hostages
    • Britain all alone
    • B. of Britain refers to the bombing of Britain
    • Luftwaffe
    • Royal Air Force
    • Radar + skill of the British pilots
    • The Blitz
    • Operation Barbarossa planned for May
    • Communism, colonization of Russia
    • Mussolini
    • Greece/Yugoslavia
    • Invasion of Russia-June 22,1941
    • “give me back my four weeks”
    • Leningrad
    • Moscow
    • Stalingrad
    • One month after the invasion Britain and Russia became allies
    • Atlantic – Russia
    • New Order
    • Final Solution
    • Himmler
    • Not only Jews
    • Auschwitz
    • Entry of the U.S.
    • Isolationist
    • Lend Lease Act
    • Roosevelt/Churchill
    • Atlantic Charter
    • Pacific
    • Manchuria 1931
    • China 1937
    • Indochina 1940
    • U.S. Embargo
    • Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941
  27. Spring 1942 Axis powers
  28. Three decisive battles
    • B. of Midway
    • B. of El Alamein
    • Rommel, Montgomery
    • B. of Stalingrad-The Great Patriotic War
  29. East – Soviets
  30. South – Italy
  31. West – France
  32. Operation Overlord
  33. allied deception
  34. D-Day
  35. Normandy
  36. Eisenhower
  37. December 1944
  38. b. of Bulge
  39. Bastogne
  40. Remagen  Bridge
  41. Elbe River
  42. VE Day
  43. Pacific
  44. Manhattan Project
  45. Albert Einstein
  46. theory to practice in 1943
  47. the first bomb in New Mexico on July 16, 1945
  48. The Pacific War
  49. Washington divided responsibilities
  50. Gen Douglas MacArthur  and Admiral Chester Nimitz
  51. island hoping
  52. Heavy bombing of Japan
  53. Tokyo
  54. By the time the US captured the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, Japan’s position was hopeless
  55. The decision to use the Atomic Bomb
  56. Military necessity
  57. Atomic diplomacy
  58. Domestic politics
  59. Momentum of the war
  60. Hiroshima Aug 6, 1945 (Little Box)
  61. Nagasaki Aug 9 (Fat Man)
  62. Japan’s surrender on Aug 14, 1945
  63. Yalta Conference Feb 1945
  64. FDR, Stalin, Churchill
  65. United Nations
    • Security Council
    • Five Permanent Members
    • United States, Soviet Union, France, Great Britain, China
  66. Soviet entry – Japan, Sakhalin Islands, Kurile Islands, concessions in Manchuria
  67. Germany
    • Four Power Occupation of Berlin and Germany/zones
  68. Eastern Europe-vague promises of free elections, eastern part of Poland
  69. conflict inevitable
  70. Cold War
  71. 1948- Berlin Blockade/ Berlin Air Lift
  72. NATO-Warsaw Pact
  73. Iron Curtain
  74. 1949- rivalry intensifies
  75. Communist victory in China
  76. Soviets explode first bomb
  77. beginning of the arms race
  78. 1950-Korea
  79. 1957 Sputnik
  80. Berlin Wall
  81. Vietnam
  82. Nixon
  83. Reagan and Star Wars
  84. Gorbochev