HIS102 – R. Whisonant, Instructor

 

PART ONE – OUTLINE

17th century Europe

Absolute monarchy-France

Constitutional monarchy-England

The contrast

The Rise of French Absolutism, 1598-1661

Henry IV (ruled 1589-1610)

Loius XIII (ruled 1610-1643)

Loius XIV (ruled 1643-1715)

Loius XV (ruled 1715-1774)

  1. The Enlightenment
  2. Age of Reason
  3. an intellectual movement of the 18th century
  4. Philosophes
  5. Emphasis on man’s ability to think for himself. To Reason
  6. Progress
  7. Happiness
  8. Reason
  9. What did they want?
    1. Freedom of Thought
    2. Educate the masses
    3. Reform church, political system and society
    4. Personal liberty
  10. Origins
  11. Ancient Greece, Rome
  12. Scientific Revolution
  13. Newton’s discovery of universal gravitation
  14. Christianity
  15. Superstition
  16. Intolerance
  17. Persecution
  18. Deism (deists) the most popular religious belief of the Age
  19. The Great Thinkers
  20. Paris
  21.  Voltaire(1694-1778)
  22. Salons- regular meeting place, discuss the ideas
  23. England- great impact
  24. Religious toleration
  25. Constitutional Monarchy
  26. Three of the greatest political thinkers
  27. Attacked two foundations of 18th century
    1. Divine right of Kings
    2. Government possess total power
  28. John Locke(1632-1704)
    1. Contract theory
  29. Montesquieu(1689-1755)
    1. Spirit of the Law (1748)
  30. Rousseau(1712-1778)
  31. Social Contract(1762)
  32. “general will of the people”
  33. Law and justice
  34. Social reformers
  35. John Locke-Essay Concerning Human Understanding
  36. Beccaria –Crime and Punishment - prison reform
  37. M. Astell – women
  38. Adam Smith
  39. Wealth of Nations
  40. mercantilism
  41. laissez faire
  42. French Revolution
  43. largest population in Europe and could not feed it adequately
  44. the rich and expanding bourgeoisie were excluded from political power more systematically
  45. the peasants were acutely aware of their situation
  46. the Philosophes
  47. French participation in the American Revolutionary War
  48. France 1789
  49. The King
  50. Louis XVI
  51. Marie Antoinette
  52. Old Regime (France before the revolution)
  53. social structure
  54. First Estate
    1. Clergy
  55. Second Estate
    1. Nobility
  56. Third Estate
    1. 96 percent
  57. First Estate
    1. Privileges
  58. Second Estate – two types
    1. Race – hereditary
    2. Robe – titles bought
  59. Third Estate
    1. Bourgeoisie (middle class) grievances
    2. Peasants

                                                              i.      Feudal obligations

                                                            ii.      1788 – 89 weather, poor harvest

                                                          iii.      price of bread

 

    1. City workers(artisans, skilled craftsman) – radical
  1. France’s 1789 Government is inefficient, corrupt, incompetent officials
  2. bankruptcy – immediate problem
  3. wars – Louis XIV
  4. Am. Rev.
  5. Kings ministers proposed
  6. Estates General (1614) to meet in May 1789
  7. Elections for Estates General
  8. First Estate (300)
  9. Second Estate (300)
  10. Third Estate (600)
  11. major goals
  12. First and Second
  13. Third Estates
  14. Moderate Stage 1789-1791
  15. Versailles
  16. E.G. vote
  17. procedure
  18. June 10
  19. June 17
  20. National Assembly
  21. Revolutionary Move
  22. Tennis Court Oath – June 20
  23. constitution
  24. July 10
  25. common people, poor of Paris
  26. Bastille – July 14, 1789
  27. The Great Fear
  28. Peasant Uprising
  29. Attacked, destroyed
  30. feudal obligations
  31. impact
  32. National Assembly
  33. Surrender their privileges
  34. August Decrees
  35. Declaration of the Rights of Man
  36. Louis XVI – refused
  37. October Days
  38. de Lafayette
  39. Impact
    1. King – Paris
    2. N.A. – Paris
  40. Reforms
    1. Judicial
    2. Economics
    3. Financial
    4. Religious

                                                              i.      Civil const. Of clergy

    1. Political
  1. New Government
  2. Legislative Assembly
  3. Bourgeoisie had accomplished
  4. Radical Stage (1791 – 94)
  5. Reasons
    1. Counterrevolution
    2. Sans - culottes
  6. Foreign invasion
  7. dissolution of the French monarchy
  8. flight to Varennes
  9. ษmigr้’s – nobles who had fled
  10. Austria + Prussia
  11. Giroudins the most radical at the time, called for war
  12. spread revolution beyond France
  13. War Declared – April 20, 1792
  14. Duke of Brunswick
  15. Manifesto
  16. bloody reaction
  17. August 10 – crowd attacked
  18. September massacres
  19. National Convention
  20. Republic, First
  21. trial – Louis XVI
  22. War Continues
  23. Valmy, “Miracle”
  24. offensive
  25. rulers of Europe
  26. Vendee’ uprising
  27. Western France
  28. Jacobins the most radical group of the Revolution
  29. National Convention
  30. sans – culottes
  31. Giroudins
  32. Danton
  33. Marat
  34. Robespierre
  35. external
  36. internal
  37. Committee of Public Safety
  38. Twelve Members
  39. Revolutionary Tribunal
  40. New constitution
  41. Law of Maximum
  42. Foreign invasion
  43. draft
  44. propaganda – la patrie
  45. France winning
  46. Civil War
  47. Law of Suspects
  48. Reign of Terror
  49. the Queen
  50. Jacobins
  51. too radical
  52. Republic of Virtue
  53. Summer of 1794 threat removed
  54. Robespierre made an ill-tempered speech
  55. to act on their instinct for self-preservation
  56. Robespierre – July 27, 1794
  57. Thermidorean Reaction
  58. month of Thermidor
  59. Bourgeoisie-conservative/anti-democratic
  60. law of maximum abolished
  61. phase II of Revolution over
  62. impact
  63. Directory October 1795
  64. conservative
  65. Generals
  66. Napoleon
  67. creation of the revolution
    1. opening of talent
    2. war
    3. anarchy
  68. Corsica 1769
  69. Italian accent
  70. French military school age of 9
  71. siege of Toulon 1793  early claim
  72. General Barras
  73. Paris Convention
  74. Josephine
  75. Army of Italy 1796
  76. 1797 too popular by the Directory
  77. England – weaken Empire
  78. Admiral Lord Nelson
  79. b. of Nile French fleet destroyed
  80. conspiracy
  81. Coup d’Etat 1799
  82. first Consul
  83. French order and stability
  84. realist – statesman
  85. constitution
  86. 1802 – Consul for life
  87. December 2, 1804 -  Emperor
  88. the Man, Napoleon
  89. Reform France – his image
  90. Frenchman viewed important
  91. Government
    1. Central government – Paris
    2. Secret Police
    3. Censorship of press
    4. Political liberty
  92. Religion
    1. A cynic
    2. Peace
    3. Concordat of 1801
    4. Pius VII
    5. Pragmatic
  93. Law
    1. Code Napoleon( Civil Code)
    2. Of my 40 battles…
  94. Education
    1. U. of France
  95. Economy – bourgeoisie poor
    1. Realist
    2. Glory
  96. Napoleonic Wars – 1805 – 1815
  97. Napoleon + Europe
  98. military strategy
  99. Austria, G.B. – Second coalition
  100. Treaty of Amiens
  101. Third Coalition (1805 – 1807)
  102. Russia, Austria, G.B.
  103. Prussia – neutral
  104. Ulm – October 17, 1805
  105. Trafalgar October 21, 1895
  106. Lord Nelson
  107. Suspend his plans to invade G.B. and the control of the seas
  108. French victories on Land
  109. Austerlitz – Austrian/Russian December 2, 1805
  110. confederation of Rhine July, 1806
  111. Prussia
  112. Jena October 14, 1806
  113. Berlin
  114. Friedland = June, 1807
  115. Russians
  116. Tsar Alexander
  117. King Frederick William
  118. Tilsit – July 1807 Treaties of Tilsit
  119. Joseph Naples (Spain)
  120. Louis Holland
  121. Jerome Westphalia
  122. Josephine
  123. Marie – Louise
  124. Vienna
  125. Grand Empire
    1. Good/bad
    2. 1810 – Height of Empire
    3. Britain

                                                              i.      Trafalgar

                                                            ii.      Continental system

    1. Spain

                                                              i.      Peninsula War

    1. German War of Liberation
    2. Russian Campaign 1812

                                                              i.      Enforce

                                                            ii.      Duchy of Warsaw

                                                          iii.      Glory, power

  1. Alexander I
  2. Grand Army of Russia
  3. b. or Borodino
  4. Moscow
  5. disastrous defeat
  6. Paris
  7. Germans
  8. b. of Nations
  9. Austria, Prussia, Russia
  10. Sweden
  11. Leipzig – October, 1813
  12. Wellington from Spain
  13. Paris captured
  14. Elba – Exiled
  15. Bourbon Louis XVIII
  16. Return
  17. Hundred Days – March 20, 1815
  18. b. of Waterloo – June , 1815
  19. Wellington and Blucher
  20. Saint Helena