HIS101 – R. Whisonant,
Instructor
PART III
Romans
Angles + Saxons
Vikings – Danes
Alfred the Great(d.899)
Strong army/navy
Danelaw
1066 Norman Invasion
King Edward the Confessor
Harold
King of Norway
William duke of
Vikings – France
William the Conqueror
Bayeux Tapestry
Dividend England
Shires
Sheriffs
John I
Barrons
Charlemagne
House of Carolingian collapsed
Loius VI
St.Louis IX
Duchies, dukes
Otto the Great(d.973)
Powerful German church
Holy Roman Emperior
1356 Golden Bull
Popes + Rulers
Era of great devotion
Sacraments
Excommunication
Seven Sacraments
Baptism, confirmation, matrimony, extreme unction, Eucharist,
penance, ordination
Problems, not greatly respected
Pope Nicholas II (1059)
College of Cardinals
Gregory VII elected 1073
Gregorian Reforms
End control of the church by layman
Investiture Controversy
Right to choose bishops
Rulers or Popes?
Henry IV of
Excommunicated
Concordat or
Compromise
Crusades
1092 – Byzantine Emperor
Pope Urban II
Council of Clermont in 1095
Great response
First Crusade 1096 – 1099
First two commoners
Peter the Hermit
Magyars
Turks
3rd attempt Jerusalem (1097)
Knights of Europe
Crusader Kingdoms
Second – 1147 –49
Louis VII
Conrad III
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Third Crusade known as Kings Crusade
Richard Lion-Hearted
Philip Augustus
Frederick Barbarossa
Sack of
Impact of Crusades
Rise of
Heresies
Inquisition 1233
Waldensians
Peter Waldo
Franciscans
St. Francis of Assisi
Dominicans St. Dominic
Pope Innocent
III (1198-1216)
Fourth Lateran Council 1215
Jews
Late Middle Ages 1250 – 1400
Period of Decline
Economic
Problems
Soil Exhaustion
Bad weather
Famine
Inflation
Silver shortage
Debasement of coins
Black
Death
Sicily 1347
One-third population
20 million
Religious hysteria
Peasant
uprising
Jacquerie
Hundred
Years War (1337 – 1453)
William the Conqueror
Characteristics of the War
Long stretches of inactivity and periods of truce
French typically avoided battle
1328 – Edward III
English Victories
Crecy (1346)
Poitiers (1356)
Longbow
Agincourt (1415)
King Henry V
Joan of Arc
Orleans (1429)
Inspired French
Nationalism
Gunpowder
Decline of
the Church
Growing power
Reforms
Babylonian Captivity
Great Schism
Rise of Powerful heresies
Babylonian
Captivity (1309 – 1373)
Pope Boniface VIII
Philip IV
Taxation
Excommunication
Compromise
Another conflict
Imprisoned French Bishop
Disastrous consequence
Clement V
Avignon
Great
Schism
1377 – Gregory of
1378 – Urban VI
Cardinals
elected new pope
Clement VII
Urban – Rome
Clement – Avignon
Elected a new Pope
Now three Popes!!!!!
Council of
New
Heresies
John Wycliff –
The Bible was the only source
John Huss –
Represented both a religious revolt and national revolt (Czechs
of Bohemia)
Huss burned at the stake in 1415
Renaissance (1350 – 1600)
Classical
Transitional period
Wealth
Cultivate the arts
Bolster their own prestige
Glorification of human talents
Individualism
Artists
Mathematical analysis of space
Anatomy
Observation of nature
Vernacular literature
Dante’s Divine Comedy
Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
Cervante’s Don Quixote
Niccolo Machiavelli
The Prince (1513)
Leonardo da Vinci
Raphael
Michelangelo
Da Vinci
Mona Lisa (1502)
Last Supper (1495 – 1498)
Broad interest
Studying fossils
Human skelton
Michelangelo
Sistine Chapel
Last Judgement
David, Moses
pietas
Raphael
He possessed neither Leonardo’s intellect nor Michelangelo’s
power, but an appealing serenity.
Most critics consider him the master of perfect design and
balanced composition
Virgin Mary with the baby Jesus
Rooms –
Protestant revolution
Luther 1517
What happened?
Nepotism
Martin Luther
Conclusion
St. Paul (1:17)
Wittenberg
Indulgences
Ninety-five Theses
Luther’s views
Salvation thru personal faith
Read and understand the Bible
Gutenberg
Frederick, Elector of
Safe from 1518-19
Charles V (1521)
Diet of Worms
Refused to recant
“Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise”
New Testament – German
Lutherans, eventually called Protestants (those who
protested against the established church)
Term became generic for all supporters of the Reformation
Peasant support turned violent
1524 German Peasant Revolt
Religious Wars
Catholic vs. Protestant
Peace of
“whoever rules, his religion”
Spread of
Reformation
John Calvin
Paris 1530’s
King Francis I
Calvinism
Predestination
Geneva
Theocracy
Huguenots
Civil War
Edict of Nantes
Political and personal
Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon
Ferdinand and Isabella
Anne Boleyn
Church of England
Pope Paul
III
Council of
Jesuits
Powers of Inquisition
Index of Prohibited Books
Era of
Expansion (1450 –
1750)
The
Iberian Golden Age
Economic, religion, political
Why Europe?
1492 Caribbean
land, metals
Decline
Impact on Spanish Conquest
France
England