HIS101 – Part 2 Whisonant Instuctor
PART II
Roman History
Hebrews-religion
Greeks-philosophy, democracy
Romans-law, government
To form the city of
Is unique in comparison to other large urban centers
It’s political control over all of
Three periods
753-509 BC city ruled by kings
509-27BCthe
the
today’s image some truth to these images
cruel entertainments gladiatorial combats,
chariot races and animal hunts
Yet these same Romans created a civilization that has shaped
world history for 2,000 years.
Latin their language, gave rise to languages spoken by a billion
people in the world today
Many other languages-including Polish, Turkish, and Vietnamese-use
the Roman alphabet.
Developed a legal system
Realism in Western art
Modern political institutions: senators, bicameral legislatures,
judges, and juries
The Roman Catholic Church
Roman armies
Extended citizenship
Peninsula surrounded on three sides by the sea and protected
to the north by the
Etruscans –
Contributions
Romans – 509 B.C. Roman Republic
Patricians
Plebians
Struggle of the Orders
Needed the plebians
Assembly
Twelve tables
Eliminated slavery for debt
This alliance was very successful
The Good of
Civic responsibility
146 B.C.
Italian confederation by 264 BC
Grew into the greatest military power of the western
Were seafarers and traders, controlled coast of
First
Punic War (264– 241 B.C.)
Sicilian city of
At this time
The Roman suffered many setbacks, but their tenacity carried
them through the war
242 BC
II.Secound Punic War (218-201 BC)
When
The Romans expected to fight the war in
African war elephants
Gauls of northern
B. of Cannae was the greatest defeat
ever inflicted on Roman the troops
Proved to be a turning point in the Roman military effort
Major changes in
Gen. Publius Scipio
b. of
III.
Hellenistic World
Third
Punic (149-146 BC)
Roman senator Cato “And Carthage must be destroyed”
* creation of a wealthy
upper class
Spartacus Revolt
Impact on
conquered
Bad/good
Gracchus brothers
Tiberius, Gaius
Political violence
Demagogues
Marius
Urban poor
King of
General Sulla
Senate
*60 B.C.
Pompey – general
Crassus – banker
Julius Caesar – politician
Triumvirate
The Rise
of Caesar
Belonged to the prestigious Julian clan
Studied rhetoric became a very persuasive speaker
Triumvirate
Pompey the Great
Crassus, a rich patrician
Governor of
He joined forces with Crassus and Pompey
Military fame
Civil war
The Rubicon in 49 BC
Dictator
Reforms
Ides of March in 44 BC
Brutus + Cassias
Cleopatra
b. of
27 B.C. – 476 A.D.
Octavian
Peace, stability
Absolute monarchy
Fascade of republic
Assemblies
Senate
Complete control
27 B.C.
Augustus
One man rule
Statesman
Army
People
Pax Romana
Marcus Aurelius
Second century
Civil war
Reasons for the Fall
Division of empire
Germans
The Huns
Visigoths
b. of
410 sack of
429 Vandals
455 Sacked
476 End in West
From Jesus to
Christ
Paul and his
Saul of
Father of the Christian Church
Gentiles
Seen as a threat by the Romans
Spread of Christianity
Persecution
Groundwork has been laid
Person not myth
Equality
Immortality
Church organization
Hierarchy, priest
Bishop, archbishop
Pope (West)
Pope (father)
Diocese – province, city
Petrine Theory
Apostle Peter
Christianity
+
313 Edict of Man
392 Theodosius
Differences
in the Christian community
Wealth + powerful
Small communities
Monasteries
East
St. Basil
West
St. Benedict
Monte
Arian controversy
Arius priest in Aleexander
Disputed divinity of Christ
Council of
Creed, Nicene
During the early history of Christianity, many learned men, “fathers
of the church”, explained and defended church teachings
Confessions
City of
Vulgate – common language
St. Ambrose
Bryzantinium
East/West
Emperors/Pope
1054
Pope – Roman Catholic
Emperor – Eastern Orthodox
Iconoclast (images)
Language East Greek West Latin
Justinian
Decline
Wars
Balkans – Slavic tribes
Avars, Bulgars
Western conquest
7th century – Arabs
11th Seljuk Turks
Seek help – West
Crusades
Fourth – sack of
Latin Christians
Venetian Merchants
The End -
Byzantines
Ottomans 1453
Legacy
Roman law
Greek Culture
Slavic peoples
Mohammed
Arabs
Nomadic
Tribal warfare
Polytheistic
Kaaba
Visions, Angel Gabriel
Allah
Early period
Moslems (those who submit)
Islam (submission to the will of God)
Hegira
Yatrib
Islam after the death of Mohammed
The Koran
The Religion of Islam
Five Pillars of Faith
Social +
legal aspect of Islam
Islam, Judaism, Christianity
Jesus, a prophet
The Spread
of Islam
Golden Age
Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258)
Largest and richest city in the world
Known for its scholarship
Seljuk Turks
Mongol invasions (Genghis Khan)
Ottoman Turks till 1919
Medieval period
German Invasion
Kingdoms
Warfare, civil war
Franks in
Angles –
Why? The Germans
Tribal
Christian
Church the unifying factor
Reasons
Stability
Monasteries
St. Patrick
Venerable Bede
Period of papacy
Gregory I, the Great (590-604) Father of the Roman Catholic Church
Astute Diplomat
Franks
Ally of the Roman Church
Pepin II H. of Carolingian (d. 714)
Charles Martel (d.741)
732 b. of
Pepin the Short
Pope Stephen II (753)
Protector of the Church
Charlemagne
(Charles the Great)
Einhard – biographer
800 St. Peter’s Basilica
Emperor of the Romans
Was an effort by the pope to enhance the church’s statue and
gain leverage
Enhanced the reputation of Charlemagne
Carolingian Renaissance
Education – clergy
Administrators
Scholar Alcuin
Louis Pius
With his death in840, divided among three sons
Treaty of
Partitioned the Carolingian Empire
Louis German – East
Charles the Bald -West
Lothair – Middle Kingdom
9th and 10th
centuries-Europe under attack
Moslems
Magyars
Vikings
Nobles for protection
Manorialism – economic structure of the Middle Ages