1	Historical Collapses The damage that people have inflicted on their environment Climate change Enemies Changes in friendly trading partners Society’s political, economic and social responses to these shifts
2	The Ancient World 1. Prehistoric 3,000,000 B.C. – 3500 B.C.E, A. Paleolithic 3 Mill – 10,000 B.C.E. B. Neolithic 10,000 – 3500 B.C.E. 2. Historic 3500 – present Prehistoric Paleolithic Old Stone Age
3	Old Stone Age Nomadic-Hunters and gatherers Important Developments 1. social structure Extended family-nuclear family Clan- several extended families with a common ancestor Tribe- group of several clans, related or not 2. Organization of labor- male/female roles 3. language- vocal 4. Use of tools Utilization-improvising Fashioning-making when needed Standardization-making according to a established standard hand axe-first standard tool
4	Paleolithic Neolithic Age 5. Control of Fire-light, heat, and cooking 6. Primitive Religion Nature oriented-spirits, the elements, burials 7. Primitive Art 8. Domestication of the Dog Neolithic Age (10,000-3500 B.C.E.) New Stone Age Agricultural Rev.
5	Neolithic Age Farmers/food producers a. Domestication of animals ( sheep, goats) b. Cultivation of crops (wild wheat, barley) c. Food storage Fertile Crescent of the Middle East Impact a. Manipulation of the environment led to man settling down in villages b. Population (excess food) c. New technology Potters wheel, wheel, sail, plow, ox yoke d. Land/concept of material wealth e. Metals- copper-bronze f. warfare
6	Civilization Historic 3500 B.C.E.– present 1. Complex Cities Large populations, large buildings Complex urban political and social structure 2. Specialized Labor (food surplus) 3. Writing- trade, government, religion, then to educate 4. Education -writing 5. Trade- other cities and regions 6. Organized Religion- unifying force in early civilization, establishment of priests and temples 7. Large scale warfare-armies organized
7	Impact of Rivers/Mesopotamia 1. Sumerian 2. Egyptian Fertile soil, irrigation, transportation Why? Learned to organize and cooperate Dams, irrigation canals, draining of swamps Near Eastern Civilization Mesopotamia “land between the rivers” Tigris + Euphrates Babylonia (Lower part of Meso) Sumer – South Akkad – North
8	Sumerians 3700-3500 B.C.E. Sharp increase in population Improved agriculture, villages became cities, new tech Sumerian City Life (3500-3000B.C.E.) 12 Major City States range from 10,000-500,000 Ur Labor specialists Religion Ziggurat-huge temple Priest – class (supervised agriculture) Beliefs- pantheon of gods, 3,000 deities There gods were not equal, Chief among them:4 main spheres of nature (heaven, air, earth, water) Society Recreation (music, sports, ale)
9	Decline of Summer Reasons 1. Conflict between city-states (boundaries/water rights) 2. Wealth attracted attention of barbarian raiders from the north 3. Class conflict between rich/poor Akkadians 2350 B.C.E. Sargon the Great the first empire Adopted Sumerian ways Amorites Hammurabi Babylon Code of Laws
10	Sumerian Contributions 1. Religion-first organized religion-temples and priests (Creation story, Garden of Eden, Flood story) 2. Government (Kingship, laws) Code of Hammurabi (300 laws) 3. Trade- first international traders 4. Education-invention of writing-cuneiform 5. Technology-mathematics, astronomy, wheel Potter’s wheel, plow, sailboat, metalworking, textiles
11	EGYPT Nile River Valley Egypt is the gift of the Nile Natural protection, abundant of resources(gold, copper, stone) Until 2700 B.C.E. Lower and Upper Narmer ruler of Upper conquered Lower Old Kingdom 2700-2200 B.C.E. Memphis capital Pyramid Age Pharaoh (King) Mummification Pyramids
12	EGYPT First Intermediate Period 2200 – 2050 B.C. civil war between noble families Middle kingdom 2050-1800 B.C.E. Thebes –spent money on improving the conditions of the poor Second Intermediate 1800 – 1570 B.C. Conquest by Hyksos Driven out by Egyptian warriors from Thebes
13	EGYPT New Kingdom1570 – 1090 B.C.E. Empire Building Thutmose I, Hatshepsut Thutmose III established a professional army, 17 campaigns into Palestine N to Syria, E to Meso. Ramses II King Tut Decadence(1090-332 BC) Alexander
14	Other Empires of the Middle East Hittites 1450 – 1200 B.C. Indo-European family Asia minor Ramses II for control of Syria First people to work with Iron (weapons) Phoenicians 1100 – 570 B.C. Canaanites “Sea Peoples” Shipbuilder Carthage/Alphabet-22 consonant symbols
15	Other Empires of the Middle East Chaldeans 600 – 539 B.C. Babylon Nebuchadnezzar Hanging Gardens of Babylon Biblical Tower of Babel
16	The Israelites Early Hebrew History The Mosaic Covenant The Period of the Judges The Israelite Monarchy The Prophetic Age Return to Jerusalem and Later History
17	Contributions to the Western Tradition 1. Old Testament A. Genesis B. Exodus C. Leviticus D. Numbers E. Deuteronomy Torah
18	Contributions to the Western Tradition 2. Monotheism concept of one God 3. view of the individual everyone has personal worth 4. social justice special care for the poor and unfortunate 5. concept of history Religious experience made history important, every event has some significance
19	Aegean Civilizations The Minoans Sir Arthur Evans 1898 Cretan city – Knossos Palace of Minos King Minos The Minoans did not speak the Greek language, but they did strongly influence the first true Greeks, the Mycenaean's Decline-one popular theory attributes the devastations to the effects of a volcanic eruption
20	The Mycenaean’s Golden Age after the collapse of Minoan power Probably waged war against the city of Troy for economic reasons Heinich Schliemann in 1876 Society Women Art Religion Monarchy/Writing
21	Aegean Civilizations Decline Dorian Greeks Peloponnesian peninsula Ionians – Attica
22	Dark Age (1100 – 800 B.C.E.) Insecurity Warfare Poverty Isolation Foundations for Greek civilization Religion, pottery, agriculture, language Myths and legends
23	Transitional Period from Mycenaean – Hellenic Greece Colonization (750-550BC) Homer Iliad, Odyssey Impact on Hellenic Greece Religion-a mixture of beliefs, in human form, hierarchy, lived on Mt. Olympus Politics-city-state Values-excellence or virtue or honor
24	Impact on Hellenic Greece Polis – city State Acropolis 1. monarchy king/aristocratic council 2. oligarchy rule by a few 3. tyranny a member of oligarchy became dictator, usually on the shoulders of popular discontent 4. democracy the greatest Greek contribution
25	Early History of Athens descendants of the Ionian Greeks Council of Nobles(oligarchy) 700BC Archons (magistrates) Solon the Reformer(640-559) Assembly all freemen could sit Council of Four Hundred(aristocrats) C.of FH made laws, approved by Assembly Reforms- new crops ( grapes, olives) Pottery, teach sons a trade
26	Early History of Athens Pisistratus(605-527) Tyranny Military hero Champion of the poor Banished many nobles Public works program 508BCE aided by Spartan army, oligarchy
27	Early History of Athens/Sparta Cleisthenens Hoped to make democracy the permanent form Assembly right to initiate Ostracism Sparta (Dorian) Messenians/military state ruled by oligarchy Helots-agricultural laborers Spartan League
28	Persian Wars Ionian Greeks(Persian since 547BC) Revolted in 499 Athens Darius I b. of Marathon decisive battle Xerxes Conquest of Greece 31 Greek city-states
29	Persian Wars Thermopylae Herodotus Heroism Burned Athens Bay of Salamis Plan rested on three assumptions Plataea
30	Athenian Empire/Golden Age Delian League Athenian Imperialism Golden Age Age of Pericles Ordinary citizens Culture arts Athenian Empire Athens to Piraeus
31	Golden Age Society ¼ slaves Women Imperialism Greek Thought Myth making – reason Speculative Ionia Physical explanations
32	Socrates (469-399 B.C.E.) Believed in use of reason to discover moral and ethical truth Urged society to seek an agreement on ethical standards and rules of conduct Urged fellow Athenians to think rationally about the problems of human existence No problem when times were good Good times over, people troubled by it Trial for subversion-not believing in the gods-corrupting the youth
33	Plato (429-347B.C.E.) Applied reason to politics The Republic The rational model of a state Disillusion with Athenian democracy Needed strong leadership, the best people Philosophers rulers (absolute rulers) Academy
34	Aristotle (384-322B.C.E.) Surveyed and systematized nearly all branches of knowledge Provided the first ordered accounts of biology, psychology, physics, and literary theory. Invented the field known as formal logic, pioneered zoology, and addressed virtually every major philosophical problem known during his time. The first political scientist Lyceum
35	The Pelponnesian War Sparta Vs. Athens Thucydides Corinth 430 plague Pericles peace of Nicias 415 Sicily Syracuse Huge defeat War dragged on until 404BC Athens surrender
36	Greece from 404-338 Economics ruined by war Democracy destroyed by Sparta, replaced by a Oligarchy City state vs. city state in war Civil wars rich vs. poor Longing for someone who could bring peace and order
37	Philip II of Macedonia Macedonia, north of Greece, related to Greeks but culturally inferior Powerful state-Powerful army based on the Macedon Calvary Learned culture (Thebes) wanted to make the Greeks part of his empire By 338 B.C.E. forced the Greeks into a federal league Planned next to tackle the Persian Empire
38	Alexander the Great Philip was assassinated in 336 B.C.E. 23 year old son succeeded him Taught by Aristotle (love of Homer) Took on fathers dream-conquest of Persia Conquest of Persia 334BC Darius III B. of Issus (Syria) Egypt – pharaoh Alexandria
39	Alexander the Great Bactria – Afghanistan India Troops rebelled, homesick Babylon(324BC) after drinking too much developed a chill and died of fever in 323BC Impact East + West Marriage of soldiers Founding of new cities (Greek style cities)
40	Hellenistic Society By 275 three Macedonian/Greek dynasties Ptolemies – Egypt Seleucids – Asia Antigonids – Greece Hellenistic Society Spread of Greek Ideas Concept of Kingdom Law New cities
41	Hellenistic Society Alexandria Population of over 1 million The city bustled with many different people Hellenistic Age was facilitated by the great museums and library in Alexandria