1	Introduction: Government: the procedures and institutions by which people govern and rule themselves. Politics: the process by which people decide who shall govern and what policies shall be adopted. Politicians: the people who fulfill the tasks of operating government. Political Science: the study of the principles, procedures, and structures of government; and the analysis of political ideas, institutions, behaviors, and practices.
2	Historical Collapses The damage that people have inflicted on their environment Climate change Enemies Changes in friendly trading partners Society’s political, economic and social responses to these shifts
3	Constitutional Democracy is not a Spectator Sport Participation-balance between faith and skepticism Requires faith concerning our common human enterprise Tolerance and protection of others’ rights By politicians-trusteeship government A gap exists-actual and the ideal politician
4	Defining Democracy Constitutional democracy-enforces limits on those who govern and allows free and fair elections Direct democracy (Athens)-citizens come together to discuss and pass laws Distinguishing feature of democracy is that government derives authority from its citizens
5	Historical events Formerly a term of derision demagogues Positive meaning only in last 100 years Democracy today means representative democracy
6	Democracy As A System Of Interacting Values Popular consent Personal liberty Respect for the individual Equality of opportunity Democratic values in conflict
7	Democracy As A System of Interrelated Political Processes Fair and free elections Majority rule-Constitution reflects fear of tyranny by majority Freedom of expression-access to information The right to assemble and protest
8	Democracy As A System Of Interdependent Political Structures Federalism Separation of powers Checks and balances Bill of Rights
9	Conditions Conducive To Constitutional Democracy Educational conditions High levels of education Economic conditions relatively prosperous nation, with an equitable distribution of wealth Social conditions Bind people together and lead debate and discussion—nation’s “social capital” Ideological conditions Democratic consensus
10	Articles of Confederation 1781 “fragile league of friendship” Problems: 1.lack of a national judiciary system 2. lack of an executive branch 3.inability to levy taxes to support army/navy Annapolis Convention in 1786 Shays’ Rebellion acted as a catalyst
11	The Constitutional Convention, 1787 The delegates(40 of 55) Prime movers at the convention Secret proceedings (flexibility/weaken) Consensus (protection of property) The Virginia Plan (based on population) The New Jersey Plan (single house/equal vote) The Great or Connecticut Compromise
12	The Constitutional Convention—Three Famous Compromises The compromise between large and small states over representation in Congress. The compromise between North and South over the regulation and taxation of foreign commerce. (two-thirds majority to approve Senate - ratify treaties) The compromise between North and South over the counting of slaves for the purpose of taxation and representation. Three-fifths compromise.
13	The Three-Fifth Compromise It is ironic that it was a liberal northern delegate, James Wilson of Pennsylvania, who proposed the Three-Fifths Compromise, as a way to gain southern support for a new framework of government. Southern states had wanted representation apportioned by population; after the Virginia Plan was rejected, the Three-Fifths Compromise seemed to guarantee that the South would be strongly represented in the House of Representatives and would have disproportionate power in electing Presidents. Over the long term, the Three-Fifths Compromise did not work as the South anticipated. Since the northern states grew more rapidly than the South, by 1820, southern representation in the House had fallen to 42 percent. Nevertheless, from Jefferson's election as President in 1800 to the 1850s, the three-fifths rule would help to elect slaveholding Presidents. Southern political power increasingly depended on the Senate, the President, and the admission of new slaveholding states.
14	To adopt or not to adopt? Federalists versus Antifederalists The politics of ratification Federalists advantage (newspapers, moved quickly) Antifederalists-poorer backgrounds, backcountry regions, rural areas The Federalist essays (Hamilton, Madison, Jay) 85 letters in 1787-1788, urging support of the Constitution Lack of a Bill of Rights (originally the Constitution did not include) The reason American democracy has survived this long is that Americans have a shared commitment to the Constitution and to each other.